Economic Impacts Of Drug Abuse - 1013 Words

Economic Impacts of Drug Abuse in the United States Drug abuse is a major public health issue that impacts society both directly and indirectly; every person, every community is somehow affected by drug abuse and addiction and this economic burden is not exclusive to those who use substance, it inevitably impacts those who don t. Drugs impact our society in various ways including but not limited to lost earnings, health care expenditures, costs associated with crime, accidents, and deaths. The use of licit or illicit drugs long term, causes millions of deaths and costs billions for medical care and substance abuse rehabilitation and the effects of drug abuse extend beyond users, spilling over into the society at large, imposing increasing†¦show more content†¦National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 2014). Drug abuse and crime is not a new concept and the statistics around the problem have continued to rise. According to (Office of Justice Programs, 2011), there were an estimated 1,846,400 state and local arrests for drug abuse in the United States. Additionally, 17 percent of state prisoners and 18 percent of federal inmates said they committed their current offense to obtain money for drugs (Office of Justice Programs, 2011). Based on this information, we can conclude that our criminal justice systems are saturated with drug abusers. The United States has the highest imprisonment rate and about 83 percent of arrests are for possession of illegal drugs (Prisons Drug Offenders, 2011). Based on these figures, I can conclude that we should be more concerned about solving the drug abusers problems and showing them an alternative lifestyle rather than strict penalty of long term incarceration which will inevitably challenge their ability to be fully functioning citizens after release. The use of criminal restrictions for drug related crimes is not always an entirely punitive tool, and that penalties, or even the threat of them, often urge individuals struggling with addiction or substance abuse to get the treatment they might never seek or receive on their own, therefore increasing their opportunities to become productive members of society. In fact, more than one-third of all treatment referrals in the U.S.Show MoreRelatedDrug Abuse Effects1320 Words   |  6 PagesDrug abuse is a major public health issue that impacts society both directly and indirectly; every person, every community is somehow affected by drug abuse and addiction and this economic burden is not exclusive to those who use substance, it inevitably impacts those who dont. Drugs impact our society in various ways including but not limited to lost earnings, health care expenditures, costs associated with crime, accidents, and deaths. The use of licit or illicit drugs long term, causes millionsRead MoreUnderstanding Drug Use And Addiction. The National Institute1116 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding Drug Use and Addiction The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) describes addiction as a, â€Å"chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences† (â€Å"Understanding Drug Use and Addiction,† 2016). Long-term use can effect and change a person’s ability to learn, judge, and make decisions. Stress, memory issues, and behavior problems are also common side effects of extended drug use. There is not one single factorRead MoreIllegal Substance Abuse And Addiction1196 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal substance abuse and addiction can have far-reaching negative impacts that affect not only the people who abuse drugs but also their friends, family members, the community, and government resources. Substance abuse can lead to domestic violence, child abuse, suicide, crime, automobile accidents, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV/AIDS, and unwanted pregnancy. A particular area of concern of drug use and abuse is the impact of methamphetamine (meth) labs on public safety and the environmentRead MorePrescription Medications And Illicit Drugs Essay1706 Words   |  7 PagesDrugs in the United States are a complex issue that ranges from legal, over-the-counter and prescription medications to illicit substances that are highly addictive. While many people have a legitimate need for medication to function on a daily basis, there are also many incidences where these potentially helpful drugs are abused. When legal medications are abused, they cause the same personal, social and economic problems as illicit substances. This paper will look at the use of both prescriptionRead MoreDrug Free Society833 Words   |  4 PagesDrug Free Society Introduction The topic of a drug free society and whether such can ever exist causes many reactions. Some may even ask why this is an important conversation? To begin this discussion it is worthwhile to look historically at why it has become such an issue in the United States. In 1971, President Nixon called for a War on Drugs recruiting the assistance of the Federal Government and in particular the Drug Enforcement Agency [DEA] (Vulliamy, 2011). As part of this measure, NixonRead MoreThe Signs Of Addiction And Addiction898 Words   |  4 Pages Families can do different things that can help with addiction. According to Alcohol and Drug Abuse Affects Everyone in the Family (2015), families can learn the facts about drugs and addiction so they can know what to expect. The family needs to make sure they get help for themselves other than getting help for the addicted person, but also learn what they can do to help the addicted family member. They would maybe need to get a family intervention and always look for a long term recovery. The familyRead MoreThe Crime Of A Victimless Crime908 Words   |  4 Pagesthat drug dealing,use, and abuse is a victimless crime, but they are wrong. We have to ask ourselves what makes a crime a crime? We know that crime is an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law. However, it also consists of actions that cause harm. With harm, there are in fact victims, although the harm may not be directly implied to just one person, there still victims that are infected by the crime. With the topic of drugs , weRead MoreDrug Use And Its Effects On Society1656 Words   |  7 PagesDrugs have always played a role in our society from the present to the past they have been used for both medical uses and personal use. Though some drugs may help people who are suffering, for many they are misused and cause economic and social problems for our society. Because the negative effects of drug use not only affect the user but also many aspects of our society, drug control policies have been implemented throughout our history to try and control these issues. From the Harrison Act to theRead MoreDrug Abuse in the Next Generation620 Words   |  3 Pagesrise of narcotics and illegal drugs has a lot of mental effect to mostly the young generation. The future of this great nation depends entirely on the efforts of youth liberation from the dangers of drugs. Drugs have touched the circle closer to us all. Friend and brother begin to be ensnared by drugs which can often be deadly. As young generation, we should always think clearly to confront the globalization of technology and globalization that have a direct impact on families and youth of the nationRead MoreDrug Use And Its Effects On The Community1474 Words   |  6 PagesDrug use doe not only affect the users but also have a devastating effect on the wider community as a whole. This includes their friends, families, governm ent resources and businesses. Economically, when the effects are quantified an estimated $180.9 billion is lost annually due to drug use as reported by ONDCP in 2002. Drug abusers experience several severe health effects ranging from ill-health, general sickness to death. Different drugs used by an individual has different health effects such

An Analysis of Elie Wiesels Night - 822 Words

Elie Wiesel: Night The five letters that Elie Wiesel utilizes as the title for his book summarize, within one word, all the feelings, the uncertainty, the anger, the fear, etc. associated with the events contained in this novel. The book is a work of art, and Wiesel is a great storyteller, leaving his audience with a deeper knowledge of both historical events and the defiance and courage of the human spirit. Perhaps the most memorable scene in the story is that in which the author and his father begin the journey out of the camp, a cruel death march towards other, harsher, conditions, a tragic tale is loss, fear, and hopelessness. It is, indeed, a memorable scene that culminates with the death of Wiesels father, and it symbolizes the greatest of human emotions that one could associate with the events of the Holocaust; namely, and as aforementioned, hopelessness. This paper will discuss Wiesels character in detail, as well as this condition of hopelessness, how it is provoked, and how it is symbolized throughout the novel. Wiesel experiences this feeling at numerous points throughout the autobiography. When the audience first meets the boy, he is a teenager who lives in Sighet, in what is now Romania, and who is quite a naè ª °ve and innocent student. The simple story with which the novel starts, however, soon morphs into a tale of horror, as the Jewish people begin their plight as a cause of advancing German soldiers. Many neighbors, friends, and family are transported,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Elie Wiesels Night933 Words   |  4 PagesThe author of Night, a novel documenting the horrible and gruesome events of the holocaust, Elie Wiesel expresses his experiences and observations in which he and his fellow Jews were dehumanized while living in concentration camps (a hell on earth). All Jews, as a race were brutalized by the Nazis during this time; reducing them to no less than objects, positions which meant nothing to them, belongings that were a nuisance. Nazis would gather every Jew that they could find and bring them to theseRead MoreAnalysis of Elie Wiesels Night Essay1672 Words   |  7 Pagessurvived have many terrifying stories to tell. Many survivors are too horrified to tell their story because their experiences are too shocking to express in words. Eli Wiesel overcomes this fear by publicly relaying his survival of the Holocaust. Night, his powerful and moving story, touches the hearts of many and teaches his readers a great lesson. He teaches that in a short span of time, the ways of the world can change for the worst. He wants to make sure that if the world didnt learn anythingRead MoreNight Trilogy By Elie Wiesel1075 Words   |  5 PagesLily Zheng Mrs. Cooper Advanced Honors English 2 Period 14 10 June 2015 Night Trilogy Criticism Elie Wiesel’s Night Trilogy is comprised of an autobiography about Wiesel’s experience during the Holocaust and the horrific struggle he faced while in concentration camps, and two other stories depicting the rise of Israel and an accident. The acclaimed Holocaust writer is most well-known for Night due to its effect across the globe. Dawn and Day are not autobiographies, yet they have lingering presencesRead More Dawn by Elie Wiesel Essay716 Words   |  3 PagesDawn by Elie Wiesel In this report you will see the comparisons between the novel Dawn and the life of Elie Wiesel, its author. The comparisons are very visible once you learn about Elie Wiesel’s life. Elie Wiesel was born on September28,1928 in the town of Hungary. Wiesel went through a lot of hard times as a youngster. In 1944, Wiesel was deported by the nazis and taken to the concentration camps. His family was sent to the town of Auschwitz. The father, mother, and sister of Wiesel diedRead MoreElie Wiesels Perils of Indifference698 Words   |  3 PagesOn April 12th 1999, in Washington D.C., Elie Wiesel gave a speech during the Millennium Lecture Series that took place in the East Room of the White House. The speech was given in front of Mr. Bill and Mrs. Hillary Clinton, Ambassador Richard Holbrooke, and other officials. Elie Wiesel is an author most noted for his novel Night, a Nobel Peace Prize recipient, and political activist. In the speech he spoke on his view of indifference and expla ined how it was negatively affecting humanity and theRead MoreAutobiographical Literature of the Holocaust1641 Words   |  7 Pagessheer scope of the atrocities committed behind the walls of Hitlers concentration camps, ghettos, and gas chambers, a pair of Holocaust survivors penned intensely moving autobiographical accounts of their persecution. Published in 1958, both Elie Wiesels Night and Primo Levis Survival in Auschwitz attempted to reveal the social significance of the Holocaust by recreating their own individual, and distinctly different, experiences as European Jews living under Nazi occupation. The resulting contributionsRead MoreSummary Of Night Double Entry Journal 1329 Words   |  6 Pages Ms. Williams 9-2-14 English 11 Honors – 4 Night Double Entry Journal I. Write one important quote from each chapter with the page number and explain its significance to the plot of the novel. Think about why that quote was particularly significant within the plot and to the main characters. Text from Night My Response/Analysis Chapter 1: †As far as I’m concerned, this whole business of deportation is nothing but a big farce. Don’t laugh. They just want to steal our valuables and jewelry. TheyRead MoreEliezer Wiesels Relationships1270 Words   |  6 Pages Elie Wiesel was a young boy, when his life changed drastically. He was born in Sighet, Transylvania, which is now Romania. He was born to Shlomo and Sarah, which they had four children, Hilda, Bea, Tsiporah, and Eliezer. Wiesel and his family practiced the Jewish religion, before he was forced into the concentration camps. In the novel Night, Elie Wiesel had a strong belief in God. When Elie and his family were sent off to the concentration camps, he tested his belief in God. In the novel NightRead MorePerseverance Analysis. Many People Suffer Problemsin The1228 Words   |  5 PagesPerseverance Analysis Many people suffer problems in the world today. This includes terrorism and tyranny. It includes kidnapping and hate crime. It can also be cancer and starvation. Many have lived through problems like these and told the tale because they persevered. Through Hillenbrand’s Unbroken, Wiesel’s Night, and Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, perseverance is emphasized the readers by writing about characters, whether they are survivors of the Holocaust, a prisoner of war, or familyRead MoreNight by Elie Weisel Book Analysis1782 Words   |  8 PagesNight Analysis Elie Wiesel’s use of language and structure emphasizes the meaning and tone of the selection. Closely examine the memoir and your annotations to find examples of these features of language and structure. Fill in the chart below, providing the definition of the device, 2-3 examples from the text complete with page number references, and the effect of each example on the context in which it is used and the work as a whole. Literary or Stylistic Device | Definition of Device | 3-4

Enriching Learning Experience Free Essays

ENRICHING LEARNING EXPERIENCES Karen Michelle E. Caparos Teaching strategies, learner’s activities and instructional materials really helped in an effective learning process. There are a lot of teaching strategies that caters different kinds of learners and the strategies that will be used vary upon the teacher. We will write a custom essay sample on Enriching Learning Experience or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, there are a lot of activities that a teacher can motivate his/her class to engage into. The instructional materials must be also suited to the activity that will be given. According to Vygotsky (1981), mental functions are acquired through social relationship; learning takes place when the child interacts with peers and adults in a social setting as they act upon the environment. The facilitator of learning must provide meaningful and interactive activities that allow a child to internalize, exposing them to new situation to actively interact with others, engaging in functional and interesting learning experiences. He should give thinking activities, social functions of reading and writing activities, and communicative functions of language. Through Vygotsky’s theory, the learning takes place in participating in oral discussion and involving oneself in activities that students will not only learn from the teacher but also learn from the students around them. Knowledge on the stages of development facilitated learning through giving the appropriate activities to the child/ class. Once the teacher knows how to make the learning process enjoyable and interesting it will never make the learner feel afraid, uneasy, and uncomfortable in the class. Thus, it will be a way in order to produce a healthy and conducive atmosphere for learning. How to cite Enriching Learning Experience, Essay examples

Strategic management Issues

Question : Discuss about the key Issues and Give Your Recommendations ? Answer : Introduction Strategic management involves the procedures of formulating and implementing the key goal, objectives as well as the initiatives taken by the business organization top management on behalf of all stakeholders, based on the consideration of key company resources and the assessment of internal and external environment which the company operates. Strategic management is one of the fundamental hard skill in business management, strategic management entails management of business organization and projects proactively with the main objectives of initiating long-term strategies. Inside the business environment comprises figuring the association which influences the accomplishment and approach of operation (David, 2013).. The external business environment has the control over the entryway and the threats that affect the business operation. It is important to ensure that, the internal business operations are strategically formulated and implemented, this ensures the strategic goals and object ives of the organization are achieved. Therefore, strategic management involves the procedure of analyzing the cross-functional business decision, which is reached by the management while they anticipate for better performance of the organization. Strategic management exhibits the role of management in an organization, whether they are eligible in delivering the best management services to shareholders of the company, it also necessitates the commitment of strategic planning which represents the organizational ability to set goals and objectives which define the direction for the company. About Nestle Company Nestle is a Swiss transnational food and drink company, with its headquarters is located at Vevey, Switzerland. The company is the largest food company in the world; this is by measure of its revenues and other metrics for 2014, 2015 and 2015 consecutively. It is also ranked number 72 on the Fortune Global 500 in 2014, Number 33 on Forbes Global 2000 list of largest public companies. Nestle products comprise baby food, breakfast cereals, coffee and tea, frozen food, pet foods among other products, the company brands have the annual sales which are estimated to be over $1.1 billion. Nestle company has 447 factories which operate in 190 countries, it employee more than 339, 000 people. The company is the main stakeholder of L'Oreal, which the world largest cosmetic company. Nestle origin is dated back to 1866 when two companies were founders the two companies latter formed the Nestle company. After the formation of Nestle Company, the management of the two organization combined their efforts and expanded the business activities of Nestle Company across Europe and United States. The company is focusing to be a leaders in food industry especially, health, nutrition, and wellness. Despite its success in food industry market, Nestle Company is still operating under some issues, which needs the company management to strategically implement on relevant parameters, the company needs to overcome these issues in order to achieve its goals and objectives. Nestle company vision is to Meet the Various needs and demands of consumers in their everyday live, this is by marketing and selling food products which are of high quality. The objectives of this are to ensure that, they deliver the very best quality products in every activity they do, especially from the primary produce, choices of suppliers and transport, to recipes and packaging materials. The company mission is to strive towards bringing consumers food products that are safe and contributes to health and wellness. Nestle Company aids to provide the selection for all individual in all ages groups in the market. Therefore, the main purpose of the company is to offer, safe, tasty as well as nutritious foods to improve health and well-being of consumers in the market. They tend to meet current and future demands from the consumers. The success of Nestle company is primarily based on the commitment of the management all the stakeholders. The primary objectives of the company are to provide to its customers variety of Nutritious products which have different test option, this will allow the consumers to choose the test they like. The long-term strategy and success of Nestle Company is due to the overall investment of scientific research which is done on specific nutrition aspects. Organizational structure The organizational structure is also called the organizational chart, it typically demonstrates the relationship between various individual in an organization, and it defines the relationship between managers, shareholders and employees. An organizational structure depends on the size of the company. Where when the chart grows to be large, it is splinted into smaller charts that will represent different departments within the business entity. Nestle company used relevant organizational structures which are defined to contributes toward achieving their missions. Nestles Corporation is decentralized organization that organizes its operations according to the matrix organizational structures. A matrix organizational structure is a structure which the reporting relationship between the employees and management are set up as a matrix form, employees have dual relationship especially to functional managers and the product manager. Nestle as a decentralized organizational structure that allows the subordinate to make decision and present the same decision to the management, other may have dual commitment with their management while they implement on decisional matters in an organization. Although the overall reportings are made to the top management, the daily operations of the organizations are left back to the employees, where the operation decisions are pushed down to subordinates. Nestle Company is categorized to belong to an organic organization type which is characterized as highly adaptive and flexible to both employees and management, and including the stakeholders. The employee within the company are not eligible to be given more rules and regulations or rather direct supervision from the management. In promoting the organic organizational system, the organization has been able to have highly skilled and trained professional which are encouraged to form teams within the company. Due to high level of influence from internal and external business environment, the employees form teams and group in order to solve specific issues affecting the company, for instance the scientific research in food industry. Therefore, teamwork in an important element and asset which us used by the company in striving towards achieving its strategic The corporate strategy of the company For accomplishing the organizational mission, Nestl uses three strategies that allow the company to maintain a competitive advantage over its rivals. It includes operational pillars, growth drivers and competitive advantage (Nestle.com., 2017). Operational pillars: Innovation and renovation: As mentioned in the company website, Nestl concentrates upon innovation and renovation. The company has largely focused on product development and facility management with the help of innovation and renovation. With the industry leading research and development wing, the company supports constant innovation of the food and beverage portfolio. It helps the company to use effective processes and market attractive products (Nestle.com., 2017). Operational efficiency: the company opts for using the best raw materials, procedures and serves the highest quality and safest products to the consumers. Nestl Continuous Excellence is the organizational approach for supporting efficiency, eliminating wastage, and improving the quality of the product (Nestle.com., 2017). Whenever, wherever, however: for providing the best quality service the company opts for the most effective marketing mix, which includes the diverse product line of the company, the reasonable pricing strategy for the products, appropriate promotional strategies and the accessible distribution channel (Nestle.com., 2017). Figure 1: Corporate Strategy of Nestl (Source: Nestle.com., 2017) Growth drivers Nutrition, Health, and Wellness: the company has the mission of offering the good quality products and thus, enhancing the quality of lives of the consumers and address the chronic medical condition through nutrition (Nestle.com., 2017). Emerging markets and popularity positioned products: the company has opted for positioning its popular products in the emerging markets for the low income customer base (Nestle.com., 2017). Out-of-home consumption: the company has opted for a smart strategy of Out-of-home by introducing products for leisure and others via kiosks, gourmet restaurants, institutional catering, schools and hospitals (Gassmann, Frankenberger Csik 2016). Premiumisation: the company understands the need of pleasure moments among the customers. Hence, Nestl has opted for Premiumisation strategy in which the company offers premium products of the highest quality in a bit extra payment (Laforet, 2015). Competitive advantage Unmatched Product and Brand Portfolio: in the sector of nutrition, health and wellness, the company has the largest number of diversified product line in food and beverages. It serves a huge level of competitive advantage to the company (Gassmann, Frankenberger Csik, 2016). Unmatched Research and Development capability: with a mission of being the leader in nutrition, health and wellness, the company is constantly focusing on research and innovation in developing the product quality and organizational process (Nestle.com., 2017). Unmatched geographic presence: the company is operating in 194 countries with more than 447 factories, which serves as the competitive advantage and a proof of the customer preference for the brand (Nestle.com., 2017). People, culture, values and attitude: the company values its employee base and indentifies them as the pillar of success over 150 years. Hence, it has opted for a commendable HRM policy to motivate and retain the talents within the organization (Nestle.com., 2017). Issues facing Nestle Company It is on record by Forbes 400, there is no entity that works best faces no issues. Every entity works hard to fight its issues and one that does the same is Nestle Company. Nestle is adored by many in the globe and has been termed to be world leader in foodstuffs. Amidst all the popularity, Nestle faces a number of issues that will send one chilling. There are various issues facing Nestle (Hitt, 2017). The issues facing Nestle Company include; Climate change, child labor and raw material issues. Climate change Most of the products of Nestle come from Agricultural produce and climate change forms a strong contender issue to the firm. Climate change has un-presented effect on the companys supplies. According to Forbes 500, climate has been changing bringing out adverse effects to the company supplies. Child labor There has been a number of alleged use of cheap and child labor by the company. The company has faced many court cases as to child labor. This has affected right to center the companys turnover as they have had to hire legal minds to represent them in courts. The child labor has been reported in most of Nestle cocoa production. It has been an issue that have attracted international players of food stuff industries. In most regions that nestle company has planted cocoa the families are poor thus resulting school going children to seek employment in a bid to vent for their families. To this tame this issue, Nestle need to design supplier code and monitor most of her participants in the supply chain. In case there are no other workers and should they have to employ children, let the company come up with training programs about child labor and its consequences. Raw materials The issue surrounding this is high unexpected demand by her clients. In everyday the client list at Nestle grows without increase of raw materials. As earlier stated, climate change is one strong contributor of low levels of raw materials. Shifts of the climate have insignificant effects to the raw materials of the company. For instance, prolong drought have reduce the cocoa plant from reaching maturity on time. There are some natural disasters that negatively influence raw materials of the product. Floods, thunderstorms and storms have affected the availability of raw materials in a negatively manner. To curb the menace, Nestle Company management should come up with compound relationship with the rest material suppliers. In case to reduce bulk products at the store Nestle Company should sell most of the products on promotion. Last but not least, Nestle Company should design Dealer Management system that aids in inventory, sales, service and business management. Opting for online presence Since a long age, the company is following the traditional placing strategy. The company has opted for the FMCG strategy of distribution which involves breaking the bulk policy. The typical distribution channel of the company product is as follows: Manufacturing C F agent Distributors Retailers Consumer (Nestle.com., 2017) and Manufacturing Bulk buyers Consumer (Nestle.com., 2017). In spite of having a strong and effective supply chain model, the over dependency on the physical distribution makes the company experience issues like lack of product availability in the market and increase in the price of the product. It is detrimental for the brand name of Nestl. Hence, the company can make the products available for the consumers with online channels. In the modern business environment, the usage of the online distribution channel helps the companies to directly interact to the customers, identify their needs and control the pricing. The company can opt for supplying the products like chocolates and refreshment beverages via online stores (Blackshaw, 2014). The company can also make the products available in the online retail apps like Amazon.com or the apps of the food retailers. It will help the company to make itself more available and approachable to the customers (Rezaeegiglo et al. 2014). Partnership or strategic alliance with the supplier organizations As mentioned earlier, the company is facing the issue of low quality raw material and the lack of its availability. The previously discussed issue of environmental degradation can be cited as one of the major reasons for the lack of availability of the raw materials. Hence, it is important for the company to opt for a strategy that will ensure consistent supply of the raw agricultural products. Here, the company can opt for the strategy of creating alliance with big farming organization. The company can follow the strategy of investing into the company with the condition of using the Nestl stated regulations for farming. Here, the company needs to lay down own policies for farming which would support the strategy of organic agricultural practices. The partner farming organization needs to conform to the farming policies of Nestl and sell their product exclusively to them (Wolf, 2014). This strategy will be helpful for Nestl to promote its current corporate strategy of providing the best quality product to the employees and eliminate the present issues like lack of raw material and environmental challenges. For the implementation of this strategy, the company can use these organic raw materials for its premium product line in the initial stages. As the new strategy is likely to increase the cost of the company in the first place, the company can collect the profit from its premium product line by using the raw material in its production. Moreover, by promoting the usage of this organic farming strategy, the company can improve its brand image as an environment friendly organization (Payaud, 2014). Thus, by altering its strategy of supply chain management, Nestl can achieve a good level of market success in a sustainable way. Recommendations Be it internal or external every company have its own issues with Nestle Company included. You are only presented with change and acceptance of it makes the difference. The market is fierce when it comes to chocolate and Nestle should break into block chocolate and run on the platform as her competitor, Cadbury. Research done by the university of Chicago postulates current market share of Nestle chocolate to be 20.0% while that of Cadbury standing at 34.1%. Nestle should come up with plans and develop Block chocolate. Number two, Nestle motto for confectionary need to be enhanced. Good food good life slogan need to be re-modified, Nestle is a global company in food and beverage. In that case I would recommend Nestle have the good food good life for other sections of the company and try design something like Chocolate Champions or something Nestle would benefit at the end. In addition, media reports and detailed financial data indicates that Nestle spends huge amounts to advertise on annual basis. It is quite high as compared to her competitor. To respond to it, I do recommend Nestle to change her strategy and embark seriously on uplifting her old sellers and distribution joints across the entire globe. Nestle should shy away from introducing new product in the market and work hard to boost her immediate products by upgrading them. Conclusion Nestle is the world leader in food and beverage industry. It sells products of high quality with her revenue increasing on yearly basis. The achievements poised by Nestle is driven by good business management with good leadership that stand tall in realizing the core objective of the company. Operational managers are given mandate to liaise with local marketers and customers on the kind of products they need. The production manager on the same note ensures the customer needs are answered in the product. The product of the company is not a single job but collective efforts that are well-organized and portend realization of Nestle core objective. The report is a complete process adopted by Nestle and upgrade her business through product innovation. Reference Access Asia Limited. (2005). Hot drinks in China: A market analysis. Shanghai, China: Access Asia Ltd. Blackshaw, P. (2014). Digital transformation at Nestl: Playing to win. Journal of Brand Strategy, 3(1), 6-11. Chapter 2. Life-Cycle Analysis. (n.d.). Life-Cycle Analysis of Energy Systems, 23-65. doi:10.1039/9781849732864-00023 Competitive Forces (Porter's Five Forces). (n.d.). Dictionary of Strategy: Strategic Management A-Z. doi:10.4135/9781452229805.n131 David,F.R. (2013). Strategic management concepts and cases: A competitive advantage approach. Boston: PearsonDobbs,M. (2014). Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates. Competitiveness Review, 24(1), 32-45. doi:10.1108/cr-06-2013-0059 Ferrell,O.C., Fraedrich,J., Ferrell,L. (2015). Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases. s.l.: Cengage learning. Gassmann, O., Frankenberger, K., Csik, M. (2016). Innovation Strategy: From new Products to Business Model Innovation. In Business Innovation: Das St. Galler Modell (pp. 81-104). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Grant,K., Hackney,R., Edgar,D. (2010). Strategic information systems management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Grant,R.M. (2013). Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases. Chichester: Wiley. Grundy,T. (2006). Rethinking and reinventing Michael Porter's five forces model. Strategic Change, 15(5), 213-229. doi:10.1002/jsc.764 Hitt,M.A. (2017). Strategic management: Competitiveness globalization: concepts and cases. New york: Cengage learning. Ikea Group SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis. (n.d.). In Ketchen,D.J., In Bergh,D.D. (2006). Research methodology in strategy and management: Volume 3. Jones, S. (2012). Strategic Management at Nestle. Krinke,S. (2011). Implementing Life Cycle Engineering Efficiently into Automotive Industry Processes. Towards Life Cycle Sustainability Management, 567-578. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1899-9_55 Laforet, S. (2015). Managing brand portfolios: audit of leading grocery supplier brands 2004 to 2012. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 23(1), 72-89. Lee,S. (2016). Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Business and Managment, Vol. 11 No. 7, 2016. International Journal of Business and Management, 11(7), 314. doi:10.5539/ijbm.v11n7p314 Mooradian,T.A., Matzler,K., Ring,L.J. (2012). Strategic marketing. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall. Nestle taking on the world. (2004). Strategic Direction, 20(7), 13-15. doi:10.1108/02580540410540778 Nestle (2011). The worlds leading Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company Annual Report 2011. Nestle (2012), Nestl Good Food, Good Life. Payaud, M. A. (2014). Marketing strategies at the bottom of the pyramid: Examples from Nestl, Danone, and Procter Gamble. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 33(2), 51-63. PESTLE Analysis of Nestle. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://pestleanalysis.com/pestle-analysis-of-Nestle/ Pride,W.M., Hughes,R.J., Kapoor,J.R. (2015). Foundations of business. Retrieved September 17, 2012, from https://www.articlesbase.com/management-articles/strategic-management-at-nestle-5907881.html Retrieved September 18, 2012, from https://www.nestle.com Retrieved September 20, 2012, from https://www.nestle.com Rezaeegiglo, R., Sadouni, A., Aref, F., Khotbesara, P., Eslam, N. (2014). Review and Rating factors affecting the Deployment of (CRM) Customer Relationship Management at Nestle Company. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(1), 539. Rothaermel,F.T. (2013). Strategic management: Concepts and cases. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Scribd Inc. (2012). Competitive Advantage of Nestle. Retrieved September 19, 2012, from https://www.scribd.com/ Sica, Danielle. (n.d.). Nestle Corporation: a strategy capstone. (Nestle Corporation: a strategy capstone. Sood,A. (2010). GE/McKinsey Matrix. Wiley International Encyclopedia of Marketing. doi:10.1002/9781444316568.wiem05040 SWOT Analysis. (n.d.). Dictionary of Marketing Communications. doi:10.4135/9781452229669.n3585 Table 6.3 SWOT analysis of economic instruments for ICZM. (n.d.). doi:10.1787/888932376174 Trompenaars,A., Coebergh,P.H. (2015). 100+ management models: How to understand and apply the world's most powerful business tools. Wheelen,T.L., Hunger,D.L. (2007). Strategic management and business policy. Harlow: Prentice Hall. White,C. (2004). Nestle: the third place. Strategic Management, 766-772. doi:10.1007/978-0-230-55477-1_29 Wolf, J. (2014). The relationship between sustainable supply chain management, stakeholder pressure and corporate sustainability performance. Journal of business ethics, 119(3), 317-328.

Utilitarianism is a contrast to classic approaches to ethics Essay Example

Utilitarianism is a contrast to classic approaches to ethics Essay Utilitarianism is a contrast to classic approaches to ethics. One of the main features or indeed the basis of Utilitarianism is the Greatest happiness for the greatest number theory which posses a secular oUtlook to ethics. Utilitarianism is the doctrine according to which actions are made right or wrong so far as they promote happiness, wrong in so far as they promote the reverse. The form of this definition conceals the fact that Utilitarianism is often called the consequentalist doctrine. One main feature of Utilitarianism is that according to Utilitarianism actions are not themselves intrinsically right or wrong; they are right or wrong in so far as they have good or bad oUtcomes.The version of Utilitarianism which holds the greatest happiness for the greatest number theory was popularised by Jeremy Benthem and his disciple John Mill and from them we have the Greatest happiness principle. This derived from a 19th Century philosopher, Jeremy Benthem (1748-1831) who was the founde r of Utilitarianism; Utilitarianism began life as an ethical principle under Jeremy Bentham who theorised that an action is right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people. In its original form the argument had many flaws, so John Stuart Mill decided to defend the principle of Utility against its critics by refining its ideas making them more practical in society.Classic approaches to ethics stress good intentions as essential to morality. For example, tell the trUth because it is morally good to tell the truth, even if it hurts. Classic approaches to ethics often stress the intrinsic value of morality. Unlike classic approaches Utilitarianism does not distribute happiness or goodness in an equalariean manner. Utilitarianism is not about having ideals; it is an aprori approach to morality, a basis that experience counts for everything. One might call it a moral theory of usefulness in terms of the greater good, not in terms of ones selfish desires.Jeremy Ben thams theory of Utilitarianism was based on observation, that the definite good in terms of pleasure and established that two things are intrinsically good, namely pleasure itself and freedom from pain. His logical progression deduced that we ought to increase what is good by increasing what brings us pleasure or freedom from pain. Thus the Principle of Utility was created- act in such a way as to bring about the greatest happiness of the greatest number working to increase the total sum of pleasure. Mill felt that he could strengthen the argument for Utilitarianism by clarifying its points. In his famous argument he simplifies the term happiness and pleasure used by Bentham, as one major criticism is that the word pleasure does not have the same meaning as the word good.Utilitarianism as an ethical theory possesses a main feature whereby it is concerned with the wants and needs of society. One of the appeals of Utilitarianism lies in its practical value, that it can be applied quic kly to any moral dilemma. This is done in a mathematical form, by computing pleasure in the Hedonic Calculus. This is Benthams way of deciding on the correct or most appropriate course of action by analysing the pleasure that arises from it and comparing it with alternatives. He identified seven factors involved in this process, Intensity, Duration, Certainty, Propinquity, Purity, Fecundity and Extent, which help us weigh and assess the quantity of happiness.However there arise problem, hence, provoking criticisms which I will look at in the second question. One of the problems with the Hedonic Calculus was that it judged the quantity of happiness i.e. the number of people but not the quality of the happiness therefore problems arise in assessing its value. Different pleasures bring different amounts of happiness to different people but in Benthamà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s theory all pleasures are equal. This received much criticism from Victorian society as like Epicurius he commanded all to en joy swinish pleasures, which were frowned upon by the educated classes at this time.Mill attempted to tackle this pitfall by acknowledging that there were higher and lower pleasures. His proof was based on human experience and proposed that no one who has experienced a higher pleasure would sacrifice that knowledge for an experience, however intense, of a lower pleasure. This is illustrated perfectly in the play Educating Rita by Willie ..Where a working class woman experiences the higher pleasures of literature and feels as if she no longer belongs in a pub experiencing lower pleasures. It is therefore possible to verify which pleasures actually do rate higher than others by the experience of those who have known both. Mills version is deals more adequately with what we regard as valuable about human life i.e. there are better and worse ways of being human. As higher pleasures also include that of moral feeling and well being, for example the joy of a quiet conscience felt by helpi ng others they receive special weighting.They have a higher value than they enjoyed previously under Bentham where they were merely a possibility amongst others so Mill has tackled the criticism that morality is not taken seriously enough. Mill has acknowledged the complexity of the concepts of happiness and pleasure. This system appealed to the reforming element of society who pushed for education reforms so that more could experience higher pleasures and have a better quality of life. Mills theory encounters some problems of its own as this separation of the pleasures into two categories makes the hedonic calculus impossible to execute, as instead of one scale there are now two.How can higher and lower be compared? Is the pleasure felt by ten people at the theatre watching Verdis Tosca worth more than a hundred at the cinema watching the latest Brad Pitt film? Now that the quality is different they cannot be measured against each other therefore nullifying the calculus. In reality his attempt to assess the quality of an action end in stating that higher pleasures are morally superior and therefore preferable. But Mills empirical generalisation that no one who has experienced a higher pleasure would sacrifice it for a lower one is not always correct, as it does not account for aesthetics of the individual.Mills version of Utilitarianism is more acceptable in practise as it recognises issues that Bentham left out of his theorem. His method of qualitative assessment of happiness is a progression from Benthamà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s solely quantitative one which recognises educated pursuits above swinish pleasures. Moral issues are given special treatment under his scheme of higher pleasures, which acknowledges our higher regard for them as human beings. He also attempted to tackle the unstable use of Epicurian words but could not overcome issues like the loss of justice or the difficulty of knowing all possible out. His version though more refined is still flawed leaving a gap for theologians of the future to fill.One of the main features of Utilitarianism is the fact that it gives simple straightforward answers to simple questions, hence the average man on the street can relate to it. For someone who wants this type of philosophy, Utilitarianism is just that; simple and straightforward. As an example, if one asks what should be my guiding principle in life? a Utilitarianism would give a one sentence answer, always act in accordance with the Greatest Happiness Principle. And, lets face it, for the average man on the street that is a plausible thing to hear!One thing about Utilitarianism is that it does appear to be right. Right, that is, in so far as they involve saying that suffering is wrong, that we ought not to make people suffer- aim at preventing suffering, and that the promotion of happiness is right. However, this theory rejects the qminority. If one goes by the Greatest Happiness for the greatest number theory, then the minoritys values a re not valid. The consequences of any action are what matters; hence the saying end justifies the means clearly derives from Utilitarianism. There are no rules that govern moral conduct. A Utilitarianism morality is based on experience and every situation based on its own merits. The main, or dare I say the only thing that matters is achieving the greatest happiness for the greatest number.Other features of which at large strengthen Utilitarianism as an ethical theory is it can be easily applied to decision making, its flexible, practical and is concerned with beneficial results. Utilitarianism compliments a secular outlook on society- and after all, we do live in a secular society, a western style capitalist economy, which have Utilitarianism foundations.The premise of Utilitarianism is a basic and indeed obvious one, avoid pain, like pleasure! It certainly doesnt waste time moralising about rules!2. Obviously, utilitarianism does invoke some criticisms. One factor that is simple, yet I feel valid (after all the premise of utilitarianism is simple) is the fact that it cant cope with everyday situations like murder. A situation which accures in every society. If it cant work for a society then as a philosophy it has failed, after all this theory is about how we should behave in society. To a certain extent I think that we are utilitarian, or at least, that the greatest happiness principle is one of our basic moral principles. But are we total utilitarians? I think not, however, here are three questions that I came across that helped me evaluate the criticisms of utilitarian;* Is everything we think wrong, wrong because it violates the greatest happiness principle?* Is everything we think right, right because it is in accordance with the principle?* If someone were a utilitarian through and through would they fulfil our ideal of a truly moral person?By dissecting the first point I am going to look at examples of things which are either utterly wrong, but dont c ome up wrong in utilitarian grounds, or are at least arguably wrong, but justifiable and right on utilitarian grounds. One of these, as I earlier referred to, being murder.Utilitarianism can justify with a judge allowing a criminal to go unpunished and letting an innocent man to be punished. Utilitarianism has two difficulties with murder and such like a) in saying what is ever wrong with it and b) supposing it has solved that problem, in saying why its wrong in certain cases. This objection to utilitarianism does sound, or does tend to sound absurdmurder not being wrong according to utilitarianism? When it is the doctrine of humanitarianism? This seems ridiculas! But, this is where one must remember the consequentalist doctrine- that an act is to be judged on its outcomes.The strongest point I have established from utilitarianism claims that consequences are the most fundamental idea of utilitarianism. The fundamental outlook is that we should look at what will happen from our acti ons and this is when most criticisms come in. There are three main criticisms, justice, rights and looking back at the past. And, is happiness all that matters?Justice- Utilitarianism is an amoral approach as an ethical theory; therefore it can justify actions that ordinarily we would find adherent- torturing terrorists. Utilitarianism is incompatible with the idea of justice. As an example utilitarianism says that the happiness of the whole human race would be increased (no poverty, disease, theft) but one man would have to suffer eternal torture. According to utilitarianism this would be morally right. However, Im sure some would agree that this is terribly wrong! The Golden Rule states do to others as you want done to you.Rights- a philosophy like Situation Ethics (also Christian Ethics) would say that everyone has rights even the minority. Hence the linking phrase- treat your neighbour how you would like to be treated. A minority of people should not lose their rights to the maj ority.Looking at the past- utilitarianism looks at the future to see if an action will produce happiness and how much. What utilitarianism misses is the fact that the actions based on this philosophy are leaving happiness in the past. Suppose you promise to spend time with a younger sibling who was excited about it but you got more happiness watching a video with your boyfriend, even though it means a lot to your younger sibling. Is utilitarianism saying that it is ok to break promises? What utilitarianism misses is the fact that a) you made a promise and from this causes someone hurt; your sibling.It is quite possible with utilitarianism that we encounter unforeseen situations; which have more harmful results than beneficial. The advantage of having ideals is that if an action causes something bad then at least you can fall back on ideals. With utilitarianism there are no such thing as ideals, therefore one cannot fall back on this premise. If one has moral ideals then it means tha t from the start there is good intention, as utilitarianism is a conceqentalist doctrine then it is reliant on outcomes, and outcomes are never certain.Another criticism, which I noticed, is the fact that a problem could arise when two courses of action produce an equal manner of happiness or goodness, and here comes in the problem of quantifying happiness. Benthams hedonic calculus is meaningless for two reasons;* One cannot reduce happiness or pleasure done to a mathematical formula* We all experience pleasure in different ways, the hedonic calculus presumes we experience pleasure in the same way.We could, theoretically justify any action on utilitarianism grounds by claiming that pleasure is personal and therefore cannot be expressed as a mathematical formula.On a bigger scale a good point is that utilitarianism doesnt distribute goodness or happiness in an equal manner. In certain situations this maybe regarded as unfair, for example, global wealth. Basically assuming that the w ealth of the globe is currently distributed in a utilitarianism manner, this means that some of the world population is starving, and this is evident in the world. It would be fairer to redistribute wealth so the poor do not starve, however this may not be justifiable in utilitarianism grounds. It may be that if the wealthy have to give up some of their resources they incur a disproportionate amount of pleasure derived from the poor. Utilitarianism is a contrast to classic approaches to ethics Essay Example Utilitarianism is a contrast to classic approaches to ethics Essay Utilitarianism is a contrast to classic approaches to ethics. One of the main features or indeed the basis of Utilitarianism is the Greatest happiness for the greatest number theory which posses a secular oUtlook to ethics. Utilitarianism is the doctrine according to which actions are made right or wrong so far as they promote happiness, wrong in so far as they promote the reverse. The form of this definition conceals the fact that Utilitarianism is often called the consequentalist doctrine. One main feature of Utilitarianism is that according to Utilitarianism actions are not themselves intrinsically right or wrong; they are right or wrong in so far as they have good or bad oUtcomes.The version of Utilitarianism which holds the greatest happiness for the greatest number theory was popularised by Jeremy Benthem and his disciple John Mill and from them we have the Greatest happiness principle. This derived from a 19th Century philosopher, Jeremy Benthem (1748-1831) who was the founde r of Utilitarianism; Utilitarianism began life as an ethical principle under Jeremy Bentham who theorised that an action is right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people. In its original form the argument had many flaws, so John Stuart Mill decided to defend the principle of Utility against its critics by refining its ideas making them more practical in society.Classic approaches to ethics stress good intentions as essential to morality. For example, tell the trUth because it is morally good to tell the truth, even if it hurts. Classic approaches to ethics often stress the intrinsic value of morality. Unlike classic approaches Utilitarianism does not distribute happiness or goodness in an equalariean manner. Utilitarianism is not about having ideals; it is an aprori approach to morality, a basis that experience counts for everything. One might call it a moral theory of usefulness in terms of the greater good, not in terms of ones selfish desires.Jeremy Ben thams theory of Utilitarianism was based on observation, that the definite good in terms of pleasure and established that two things are intrinsically good, namely pleasure itself and freedom from pain. His logical progression deduced that we ought to increase what is good by increasing what brings us pleasure or freedom from pain. Thus the Principle of Utility was created- act in such a way as to bring about the greatest happiness of the greatest number working to increase the total sum of pleasure. Mill felt that he could strengthen the argument for Utilitarianism by clarifying its points. In his famous argument he simplifies the term happiness and pleasure used by Bentham, as one major criticism is that the word pleasure does not have the same meaning as the word good.Utilitarianism as an ethical theory possesses a main feature whereby it is concerned with the wants and needs of society. One of the appeals of Utilitarianism lies in its practical value, that it can be applied quic kly to any moral dilemma. This is done in a mathematical form, by computing pleasure in the Hedonic Calculus. This is Benthams way of deciding on the correct or most appropriate course of action by analysing the pleasure that arises from it and comparing it with alternatives. He identified seven factors involved in this process, Intensity, Duration, Certainty, Propinquity, Purity, Fecundity and Extent, which help us weigh and assess the quantity of happiness.However there arise problem, hence, provoking criticisms which I will look at in the second question. One of the problems with the Hedonic Calculus was that it judged the quantity of happiness i.e. the number of people but not the quality of the happiness therefore problems arise in assessing its value. Different pleasures bring different amounts of happiness to different people but in Benthamà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s theory all pleasures are equal. This received much criticism from Victorian society as like Epicurius he commanded all to en joy swinish pleasures, which were frowned upon by the educated classes at this time.Mill attempted to tackle this pitfall by acknowledging that there were higher and lower pleasures. His proof was based on human experience and proposed that no one who has experienced a higher pleasure would sacrifice that knowledge for an experience, however intense, of a lower pleasure. This is illustrated perfectly in the play Educating Rita by Willie ..Where a working class woman experiences the higher pleasures of literature and feels as if she no longer belongs in a pub experiencing lower pleasures. It is therefore possible to verify which pleasures actually do rate higher than others by the experience of those who have known both. Mills version is deals more adequately with what we regard as valuable about human life i.e. there are better and worse ways of being human. As higher pleasures also include that of moral feeling and well being, for example the joy of a quiet conscience felt by helpi ng others they receive special weighting.They have a higher value than they enjoyed previously under Bentham where they were merely a possibility amongst others so Mill has tackled the criticism that morality is not taken seriously enough. Mill has acknowledged the complexity of the concepts of happiness and pleasure. This system appealed to the reforming element of society who pushed for education reforms so that more could experience higher pleasures and have a better quality of life. Mills theory encounters some problems of its own as this separation of the pleasures into two categories makes the hedonic calculus impossible to execute, as instead of one scale there are now two.How can higher and lower be compared? Is the pleasure felt by ten people at the theatre watching Verdis Tosca worth more than a hundred at the cinema watching the latest Brad Pitt film? Now that the quality is different they cannot be measured against each other therefore nullifying the calculus. In reality his attempt to assess the quality of an action end in stating that higher pleasures are morally superior and therefore preferable. But Mills empirical generalisation that no one who has experienced a higher pleasure would sacrifice it for a lower one is not always correct, as it does not account for aesthetics of the individual.Mills version of Utilitarianism is more acceptable in practise as it recognises issues that Bentham left out of his theorem. His method of qualitative assessment of happiness is a progression from Benthamà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s solely quantitative one which recognises educated pursuits above swinish pleasures. Moral issues are given special treatment under his scheme of higher pleasures, which acknowledges our higher regard for them as human beings. He also attempted to tackle the unstable use of Epicurian words but could not overcome issues like the loss of justice or the difficulty of knowing all possible out. His version though more refined is still flawed leaving a gap for theologians of the future to fill.One of the main features of Utilitarianism is the fact that it gives simple straightforward answers to simple questions, hence the average man on the street can relate to it. For someone who wants this type of philosophy, Utilitarianism is just that; simple and straightforward. As an example, if one asks what should be my guiding principle in life? a Utilitarianism would give a one sentence answer, always act in accordance with the Greatest Happiness Principle. And, lets face it, for the average man on the street that is a plausible thing to hear!One thing about Utilitarianism is that it does appear to be right. Right, that is, in so far as they involve saying that suffering is wrong, that we ought not to make people suffer- aim at preventing suffering, and that the promotion of happiness is right. However, this theory rejects the qminority. If one goes by the Greatest Happiness for the greatest number theory, then the minoritys values a re not valid. The consequences of any action are what matters; hence the saying end justifies the means clearly derives from Utilitarianism. There are no rules that govern moral conduct. A Utilitarianism morality is based on experience and every situation based on its own merits. The main, or dare I say the only thing that matters is achieving the greatest happiness for the greatest number.Other features of which at large strengthen Utilitarianism as an ethical theory is it can be easily applied to decision making, its flexible, practical and is concerned with beneficial results. Utilitarianism compliments a secular outlook on society- and after all, we do live in a secular society, a western style capitalist economy, which have Utilitarianism foundations.The premise of Utilitarianism is a basic and indeed obvious one, avoid pain, like pleasure! It certainly doesnt waste time moralising about rules!2. Obviously, utilitarianism does invoke some criticisms. One factor that is simple, yet I feel valid (after all the premise of utilitarianism is simple) is the fact that it cant cope with everyday situations like murder. A situation which accures in every society. If it cant work for a society then as a philosophy it has failed, after all this theory is about how we should behave in society. To a certain extent I think that we are utilitarian, or at least, that the greatest happiness principle is one of our basic moral principles. But are we total utilitarians? I think not, however, here are three questions that I came across that helped me evaluate the criticisms of utilitarian;* Is everything we think wrong, wrong because it violates the greatest happiness principle?* Is everything we think right, right because it is in accordance with the principle?* If someone were a utilitarian through and through would they fulfil our ideal of a truly moral person?By dissecting the first point I am going to look at examples of things which are either utterly wrong, but dont c ome up wrong in utilitarian grounds, or are at least arguably wrong, but justifiable and right on utilitarian grounds. One of these, as I earlier referred to, being murder.Utilitarianism can justify with a judge allowing a criminal to go unpunished and letting an innocent man to be punished. Utilitarianism has two difficulties with murder and such like a) in saying what is ever wrong with it and b) supposing it has solved that problem, in saying why its wrong in certain cases. This objection to utilitarianism does sound, or does tend to sound absurdmurder not being wrong according to utilitarianism? When it is the doctrine of humanitarianism? This seems ridiculas! But, this is where one must remember the consequentalist doctrine- that an act is to be judged on its outcomes.The strongest point I have established from utilitarianism claims that consequences are the most fundamental idea of utilitarianism. The fundamental outlook is that we should look at what will happen from our acti ons and this is when most criticisms come in. There are three main criticisms, justice, rights and looking back at the past. And, is happiness all that matters?Justice- Utilitarianism is an amoral approach as an ethical theory; therefore it can justify actions that ordinarily we would find adherent- torturing terrorists. Utilitarianism is incompatible with the idea of justice. As an example utilitarianism says that the happiness of the whole human race would be increased (no poverty, disease, theft) but one man would have to suffer eternal torture. According to utilitarianism this would be morally right. However, Im sure some would agree that this is terribly wrong! The Golden Rule states do to others as you want done to you.Rights- a philosophy like Situation Ethics (also Christian Ethics) would say that everyone has rights even the minority. Hence the linking phrase- treat your neighbour how you would like to be treated. A minority of people should not lose their rights to the maj ority.Looking at the past- utilitarianism looks at the future to see if an action will produce happiness and how much. What utilitarianism misses is the fact that the actions based on this philosophy are leaving happiness in the past. Suppose you promise to spend time with a younger sibling who was excited about it but you got more happiness watching a video with your boyfriend, even though it means a lot to your younger sibling. Is utilitarianism saying that it is ok to break promises? What utilitarianism misses is the fact that a) you made a promise and from this causes someone hurt; your sibling.It is quite possible with utilitarianism that we encounter unforeseen situations; which have more harmful results than beneficial. The advantage of having ideals is that if an action causes something bad then at least you can fall back on ideals. With utilitarianism there are no such thing as ideals, therefore one cannot fall back on this premise. If one has moral ideals then it means tha t from the start there is good intention, as utilitarianism is a conceqentalist doctrine then it is reliant on outcomes, and outcomes are never certain.Another criticism, which I noticed, is the fact that a problem could arise when two courses of action produce an equal manner of happiness or goodness, and here comes in the problem of quantifying happiness. Benthams hedonic calculus is meaningless for two reasons;* One cannot reduce happiness or pleasure done to a mathematical formula* We all experience pleasure in different ways, the hedonic calculus presumes we experience pleasure in the same way.We could, theoretically justify any action on utilitarianism grounds by claiming that pleasure is personal and therefore cannot be expressed as a mathematical formula.On a bigger scale a good point is that utilitarianism doesnt distribute goodness or happiness in an equal manner. In certain situations this maybe regarded as unfair, for example, global wealth. Basically assuming that the w ealth of the globe is currently distributed in a utilitarianism manner, this means that some of the world population is starving, and this is evident in the world. It would be fairer to redistribute wealth so the poor do not starve, however this may not be justifiable in utilitarianism grounds. It may be that if the wealthy have to give up some of their resources they incur a disproportionate amount of pleasure derived from the poor.

Free Essays on The Psalms Of Life

bivouac- an unsheltered encampment or camp CHARACTERS A. heart of the young man- this is the one narrating the story, he thinks that life should be should not be thought of in such a depressing manor. He looks to it as a more positive experience, speaking of setting examples to teach those who come after us. B. the psalmist- he is the one who the young man is speaking to in the poem. IMPRESSIONS I think this poem has a very good meaning behind it, I wouldn’t call it sad or frightening, more uplifting in it’s own way. The way the young man speaks of life and how it should be lived, is something I think that lives in the heart of all of us as a society. This is a very good poem, one that should get people thinking about how they live their own lives. IDEAS/EVENTS I agree with the ideas this young man is trying to get across in this poem, I believe everyone should live with this same sort of attitude toward life unfortunately I do not think that everyone will have this same attitude toward life as the young man in the poem. CONFLICTS I do not believe that there are any real conflicts in this poem. PASSAGES OR SENTENCES A. â€Å"But to act, that each to-morrow Find us farther than to-day† B. â€Å"Trust no Future, however pleasant! Let the dead Past bury its dead! Act,-act in the living present! Heart within, and God o’erheard† B. â€Å"Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And, departing, leave behind us Footprints on the sands of time Footprints, that perhaps another, Sailing, o’er life’s solemn main, A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,Seeing, shall take heart again† QUESTIONS I wonder what incident has happened for this boy to make him question life in such a way and feel the need to explain his feelings to others? SYM... Free Essays on The Psalms Of Life Free Essays on The Psalms Of Life â€Å"The Psalms of Life† By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow NEW WORDS bivouac- an unsheltered encampment or camp CHARACTERS A. heart of the young man- this is the one narrating the story, he thinks that life should be should not be thought of in such a depressing manor. He looks to it as a more positive experience, speaking of setting examples to teach those who come after us. B. the psalmist- he is the one who the young man is speaking to in the poem. IMPRESSIONS I think this poem has a very good meaning behind it, I wouldn’t call it sad or frightening, more uplifting in it’s own way. The way the young man speaks of life and how it should be lived, is something I think that lives in the heart of all of us as a society. This is a very good poem, one that should get people thinking about how they live their own lives. IDEAS/EVENTS I agree with the ideas this young man is trying to get across in this poem, I believe everyone should live with this same sort of attitude toward life unfortunately I do not think that everyone will have this same attitude toward life as the young man in the poem. CONFLICTS I do not believe that there are any real conflicts in this poem. PASSAGES OR SENTENCES A. â€Å"But to act, that each to-morrow Find us farther than to-day† B. â€Å"Trust no Future, however pleasant! Let the dead Past bury its dead! Act,-act in the living present! Heart within, and God o’erheard† B. â€Å"Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And, departing, leave behind us Footprints on the sands of time Footprints, that perhaps another, Sailing, o’er life’s solemn main, A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,Seeing, shall take heart again† QUESTIONS I wonder what incident has happened for this boy to make him question life in such a way and feel the need to explain his feelings to others? SYM...

What are the driving forces of globalization and what effects does Essay

What are the driving forces of globalization and what effects does globalization have on the policy-making capabilities of states - Essay Example 256-260), â€Å"globalization integrates many countries together.† It is an observation that after globalization, developed and developing countries have got an opportunity to interconnect themselves together (Frieden, pp. 256-260). Since the time when people began to travel and explore the world outside their limited boundaries, an era of development commenced. This development was in the form of advancements in the trade patterns and scientific discoveries (Boutaleb, p.1). However, now the notion of development has acquired a very different and diverse context. It now includes learning from diverse group of people, intermingling of cultures, and working for mutual success. Thus, â€Å"Globalization is the phenomenon, which can be stated as intermingling of nations and people culturally, and economically† (Smith, p.1). Transportation and media has shortened the distances between two nations, as well as the people. In today’s era of globalization, one can acquire information about anything, and can move from one continent to another in a matter of time, which otherwise would require years of constant traveling. Moreover, on one hand, people had to perform their work with their hands and had to rely on primitive methods of earning and livelihood in previous years; however, in the recent years, globalization has given access to a bountiful of virtual, natural, and artificial resources that offer their utilization to change the lifestyles completely. It means that people can learn from others experiences and build further on rather than learning by experiencing it themselves and starting any work from scratch. People are social animals, created by God to develop and learn with mutual interaction and contact with the natural surrounding. An individual living on a deserted island cannot rely totally on his own skill as a survivor, no matter how courageous and introvert he is. He needs certain assistance and other human beings to talk, learn,

History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

History - Research Paper Example The paper will illustrate the diverse relationship that exists between Europe and the world and the different historical events that have that occurred in different parts of the world involving Europe. The French are one of the most influential European members having colonized numerous parts in northern, central and eastern Africa. The colonial rule of the French has often been compared with American imperialism. The Americas were once owned by the Europeans themselves before decolonizing, with the United States doing this between 1776 and 1783. Haiti, South and Central America shortly followed the United States and gained their independence from European rule. The loss of control in these parts of the world led the Europeans to focus their sites on Asia and Africa as they were still looking to expand their empire. On the European conquest for Asia, Vietnam was occupied by the French in the year 1858, with an attack on D Nang and the French established full control over the country by the year 1897. The Europeans always looked for places that were of substantial basis and economic value and in the case of Vietnam; rubber was the main economic generator for the country. However, other Asian countries also deemed themselves powerful and the Japanese were able to invade Vietnam and before withdrawing from the country after the Hiroshima catastrophe. However, despite previous Japanese invasion, the French were unwilling to recognize Vietnam as an independent state and this led to a war in which the French army was defeated in 1954. External influence did not end after this war as the American also played a role in the governing of the country to the extent that there was a split between the anti communist and communist parts of the country. The involvement of the United States in and the formation of a partnership with the

Character analysis on young Goodman Brown Thesis

Character analysis on young Goodman Brown - Thesis Example In Young Goodman Brown, the character of Brown changes from faith and innocence to corruption and doubts as the devils distorts the way he thinks and perceives valuable people in his life. The faith and goodness of Brown are seen in the way he treats his father, grandfather, minister, and wife. He looks up to the goodness of his father and grandfather and the minister. Brown believes in the true Christina nature of the minister of Salem because he is a man of God. His wife Faith comes into his life a young immaculate and beautiful woman. He invests all his trust in the life of his wife, and life seems good in his belief that he has found a true partner to share his life happiness and glory. Faith is a staunch Christian, who is an epitome of good and purity but not until the devils come knocking on their doors. Brown’s innocence is lost when the devil visits his home and changes the way he views the valuable people in his life. Brown interjects, â€Å"what if the devil himself should be at my very elbow† (9). His wife Faith is no longer the pious and religious figure, and he hopes that the character would persist for the rest of her life. However, the arrival of the devil elicits doubts about the true nature of faith. He starts doubting her after seeing him in the evil ceremony in the forest. The devil also reveals the two followers, Deacon Gookin, and Goody Cloyse that Brown has known all along that they are staunch Christians (Hawthorne 16). The character of Brown here is seen to shaky because he is convinced to think otherwise about the community he has known his entire life. The arrival of the devil changes the faith and innocence of Brown to corruption. The evil nature of the people around him comes as a surprise, and that convinces him that the entire Puritan society is hypocritical. The revelations that come to him give him a different perspective of the society that he knows professes its Christian faith in

Objectives and methods of Lean Manufacturing

Objectives and methods of Lean Manufacturing 1. INTRODUCTION This report is a broad introduction to Lean Manufacturing. Lean manufacturing is a group of methods which are being gradually more implemented around the world and the greater competitiveness for manufactures. This assignment report reviews the main objectives of lean manufacturing and the method of eliminating waste. The organisational, operational and human barriers that need to solve to achieve the successful lean manufacturing strategy. The challenges and problems faced by the company named Bajaj Motors in terms of quality of its process and the brief knowledge of the main approaches of lean manufacturing like Kaizen, Just-in-time, Total quality management (TQM) and Six sigma to achieve a successful organisation. 1.1 LEAN MANUFACTURING Radhakrishnan (2008) states that Lean manufacturing is a systematic phenomenon to determine and eliminate the transportation waste, waste of time, waste of human resource and other waste. In Lean manufacturing small lots are prepared and dispatch at the same time. It an aim at providing best and optimum quality through formation of the technique where in each subpart is examined before putting step further. 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF LEAN MANUFACTURING as mentioned by Alavala 2008. 1.2.1 QUALITY: Improvement in quality means elimination of number of errors. The main objective of lean manufacturing is to attain optimum level in quality without any or low fluctuation in operating cost. 1.2.2 PRODUCTIVITY: Productivity is the result of lean manufacturing because same amount of resources which were used earlier now produces better result leading to increase productivity. 1.2.3 WASTE: The other main objective of lean manufacturing is to reduce waste like waste of time, waste of efforts, waste of resources etc which will help to get higher productivity and higher profit level. 1.2.4 HELP TO KEEP IN ORDER: Lean manufacturing help to keep everything in order, which will help to find right tool at immediate situation, clean and tidy work place, economic of scale and leading to fast functioning of operations. 1.2.5 STANDARDIZED: Adopting Lean manufacturing result in standardized of resources like place for everything and everything in its right place. This makes performance of operation smooth and steady. 1.2.6 OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES: Lean manufacturing aims at optimum or full utilization of resources (time, money, efforts, humans, machines etc.) full utilization in accordance to set standards of organization are always beneficial to organization. 1.2.7 THOROUGH CHEKING: Lean manufacturing involves in depth examination of the process as soon as the task is over. As a result short comings are sought out at the very first step before moving to next stage and efficiency is maintained at every stage. 1.3 REDUCTION OF WASTE: One of the most important aspects of lean manufacturing is cut down of waste or scrap as a result unnecessary flow of raw material, time, money and efforts are save thus manufacturing cost decreases and net profit increases and the ultimate goal of any concern is to achieve profit like optimising the profit and satisfying the employees working in there and thus it is very important for the organization. As lean manufacturing work on the mechanism of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“work for everyone and every one on the right workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  if organization follows this phenomenon it would result in reduction of waste and hence could be easily achieved. 1.4 HISTORY OF LEAN MANUFACTURING: Moore (2007) demonstrate that the foundation of lean manufacturing was formed late back from 1910 when assembly line technique of ford was formed, later on a Japanese company name Toyota motors use assembly line technique of ford and many other technique which were combined together and formed Toyota production system or just in time but it was later termed as lean manufacturing which was originated in Toyota manufacturing plant. 1.5 MASS PRODUCTION: The manufacturing of the product in large quantity. It is done by using assembly line or another means of production. It is totally different from the lean manufacturing. Mass production produces in large size whereas lean production produces smaller lots just that much as market required. Mass production is a push type production whereas lean production is pull type production. 1.6 APPLICATION OF LEAN MANUFACTURING: Lean manufacturing is mainly followed in manufacturing systems as the concept is made in accordance to manufacturing concerns. Though many other business are trying to apply this phenomena but the majority of result was in negative as each organization have there own process, technique, variability, objectives etc. But while considering the competitive market business other than manufacturing are also going for lean manufacturing. 1.7 FUTURE OF LEAN MANUFACTURING: The future of lean manufacturing is very titanic (big, bright). The main reason for this is the nonstop rising of inflation rate. As we know lean aims at cutting the cost of waste so in this competitive world the organization that can cut down the waste cost will be the most feasible among all so its importance will definitely goanna rise in the future and organizations, business would be running after it. 2. CULTURAL CHANGE: Wilson (2009) states that Cultural change is the process of bringing the change in the beliefs which are deep rooted, assumptions, perception, values and shared feelings etc which influence the decision process of the organization. In short we can say that application of changes in the prevailing or existing culture leads to cultural change. Lean manufacturing bring the cultural change through the application of 5S, SIX SIGMA, KAZINE etc which change the route of the organization and lead organization to achieve optimum level goals. 2.1 EXPENSIVE: lean manufacturing is a expensive process as implementation of lean strategies in the organization involve huge expenditure example applying kazine, just in time, 5s, six sigma in organization involve stopping up of daily routine, new mindset are needed, new philosophy and so on. Moreover lean aims at reducing WASTES this process of reducing waste is also very expensive and many small industries may not opt lean. 2.2 MISSING OUT SOME OF THE TOOLS: Lean cannot be implemented successfully if their applications are missing because every different application have different set of goals and objectives which cannot be achieved by other applications like six sigma cannot substitute cell manufacturing and so on. Thus we can say that foundation for the successes of lean are lay down by the proper implementation and understanding of all its applications. 2.3 NORMAL PRODUTION: Lean manufacturing do disturb the normal production as applying lean involve setting up of entirely new procedures and application. As a result the normal production process is disturbed for some period. It may consider as a barrier because applying lean would require some time for effective performance. Till the time lean produces effective result it is considered as a barrier. 2.4 ROLE OF PERSONAL SKILLS: Lean manufacturing aims at bringing change and this change would work efficiently only when human resource involved in lean manufacturing are having some widely common personal skills. Personal skills like working in a team, working along with team, communication, problem handling etc are utmost important for people in lean manufacturing. If people of any organization lack in such personal skills than in such a condition these skill would act as a barrier for lean manufacturing. 2.5 EFFECTIVE MANGEMENT LEADERSHIP: Moyles (2006) demonstrates that Effective management leadership is very crucial for the organization as in the absence of the leadership the employee will do what they wish like moreover they may refused to achieve the goals set by lean manufacturing. Lack of leadership control in organization would led to delay in results, Delay in task operation, delay in achievement of goals. Thus an effective management control is necessary for organization otherwise it will act like a barrier. 3. CHALLANGES FACEDE BY BAJAJ (INDIA) IN ACCORDANCE TO ITS PRODUCT: Bajaj one of the leading company of two wheelers in India. Bajaj in India aims at achieving customer satisfaction. The prim motive of Bajaj motors in India is customer satisfaction first and then profit. But Bajaj motors made one wrong decision that was launching Baja pulsar200 which proved as a threat to the company soon after it was launched as customer problem with Bajaj was rising day by day and was hampering the company image. The prime challenges faced by BAJAJ MOTRS were its product named Bajaj pulsar 200. This particular product was refused by market due to following reasons: 1: Poor handling poor handing of Baja pulsar 200 was a major problem as its cutting on the curve was quite difficult and as a result it leads to many major accident and thus creating a wrong or negative image in mind regarding the product and company. 2: Start up problem which is faced by Bajaj pulsar 200 was the starting problem especially during winters as Baja pulsar 200 was not having a kick to start and itself starter was not that good. 3: The other major drawbacks faced by Bajaj pulsar 200 was its look. It dint look attractive at all infact it was bulky and dish aped. 4: uncomfortable while riding this problem was usually felt during the long ride as it seat are divided into two sections which make it more uncomfortable and inconvenient while riding. 5: Problem with gear pattern which make inconvenient for rider in shifting the gear while riding and this again lead to large number of accident of the riders. 6: The other major issue with the bike was its average its average was not that good in comparison with the other bike in the same segment. All the above mentioned problems were in accordance to manufacturing process. The impact of failure of Bajaj 200 was so powerful that the entire image of Bajaj was getting down in customer mind as a result Bajaj pulsar 200 was totally banned by Baja motors in India and new product named Bajaj pulsar 220 was added to the list. 3.1 APPROACH FOR THE REMEDIES: The best approach for the quality improvement is ISO 9000. If Bajaj would have followed this certification there would have been no reason to shutdown pulsar 200. As this certification would have sort all the manufacturing problem through quality standardization and as a result product problem would have been sort out and customer friendly product would have been made. 3.2 PERMANENT STRATEGY: In accordance to my knowledge and views Bajaj motors should permanently adopt ISO 9000 because at present products of Bajaj motors like pulsar 220, pulsar 150, pulsar 180, pulsar dtsi faces the same common problem of handling and repair which were in pulsar 200. Application of ISO 9000 would help the Bajaj motors to overcome the quality defects at manufacturing stage and moreover the standard would be set below which nothing would be acceptable by the organization thus problem would be sort out within the organization. In the other hand company will be beneficial in marketing as being ISO certified. 4. KAIZEN: Alukal et al. (2006) states that Kaizen is a Japanese concept of management. The meaning of kaizen is in it word only kai (which means change) and Zen (which means good or better) i.e. bringing in the change which is good for the organization. Kaizen is a continuous process of bringing in small small change that accounts for very big and positive results. And it is based on the phenomena that every single phase of our life need little but constant changes. 4.1 MAJOR OBJECTIVE OF KAIZEN as mentioned by Alukal et al. (2006) 1: Aims at providing world class manufacturing process is to the concern in which it is applied as change are effective only on those manufacturing concern where manufacturing process is of world class standards and in accordance to the prevailing technology. 2: Aims at improving quality improvement is the core of kaizen. According to kaizen phenomena no matter how small or big the change is but there should be a change like keeping it simple and dynamic. 3: Aims to provide job environment safe and secure. Kaizen aims at providing safe healthy and secure work climate for its employees and management. As change is effective in a place where people are supportive and environment is healthy. 4: Aims at eliminating waste, the most important objective of kaizen is to eliminate the waste (waste are the thing that things that do not add anything to the product still is the part of manufacturing process) this would enhance manufacturing process and would speed up the process moreover resources like men, money, time etc of the organization are saved and ultimately leading to the organizational profit. 4.2. JUST IN TIME: Lai et al. (2009) demonstrate that Just in time technique was developed by Toyota motors and this technique was copied at almost all manufacturing plant. JIT is a technique where in superior management is needed and large work force. Just in time technique is a phenomenon of making the raw material and finished products at the time they are needed i.e. eliminating the time lag. And it generates no substantial risk to the organization. 4.3. MAIN OBJECTIVES OF JUST IN TIME: 1: Maintain the proper stock level. It means that an adequate level of stock is maintained in the warehouses so that the holding cost and other expenses related to stock are all manageable and most importantly the need of the manufacturing concern are meet as an when needed. 2: Maintain proper or true position of inventory. It denotes that there should be no fake data recorded in the books. The data and facts recorded should denote the actual position of the stock. 4.4. TOTAL QUALITY MANGEMENT: Sashkin et al. (1993) states that Total quality management is a management phenomenon that seeks to full fill the need of the customer without compromising in quality like providing customer quality they want or better than what they want. It could be achieved with integration of quality related functions. This phenomenon is based on the concept that the set standards should be achieved and anything below the standards is not acceptable at all and anything above the set standards is appreciated. As a result no compromise is done with the product quality and ultimately the customer is satisfied as quality is set and based on the taste preference and requirement of the customers. 4.5. SIX SIGMA: Tennant (2001) demonstrates that six sigma is methodology developed by Motorola which emphasizes setting high objectives, collecting data and analyzing results to achieve the different way to reduce defects in products and services. It is important to find the appropriate method for the company to achieve the goal for quick response for the customer and increase the customer satisfaction. The requirement encouraged them to adopt either six sigma to improve process or Kaizen to reduce waste in process. However both have some limitations as a result company need to combine their strength. Six sigma focus on the quality improvement and satisfaction of the customer whereas Kaizen focus on elimination of waste which arise in process. However the Kaizen cannot put a process under statistical control and six sigma cannot increase process speed alone. 5. CONCLUSION By completing this report it is clear that the lean manufacturing play a very important role in organization. It helps to reduce waste and the process which is not necessary to reduce the production cost. It explains how to increase the efficiency of the organization.

Theme of Power in Harold Pinters The Homecoming :: Harold Pinter Homecoming Essays

The Theme of Power in The Homecoming Author: Sarah Marchant In Harold Pinter's "The Homecoming" one of the important themes is power. Many of the characters try to exert power. Many of the characters try to exert power over others through various means such as sexuality and intelligence. The use of violence within the household is believed by the men to be the most important tool of power. However, when Ruth, the only woman in the play, enters, she appears to defeat the men's power, but not with violence. Her sexuality and apparent intelligence become part of the way in which she takes control of the house. Power itself is the ability to take control and exert authority over others. Violence is a physical form of this. It usually takes the form of a display of force and this could be an unjust or even unlawful action. There could be a use of violent language or an element of threatened violence. However, the degree of power this holds is determined by the reaction of those threatened, or whether or not anything comes of the threat. Teddy introduces his wife, Ruth, into his childhood home that is a scene of tense threats and reports of violence - both sexual and physical. As soon as the play begins there is conflict between Lenny and his father, Max. Having been insulted by Lenny, Max threatens him with his stick, saying "Don't you talk to me like that. I'm warning you". However, nothing comes of this threat. The only element of power that can be inferred comes from the way in which Lenny makes no response. Perhaps he has previous experience of Max's anger, or it could be that both parties know that there is no point in pursuing the matter. The power that is expected to come with a threat is non-existent in this household as the threats are well-worn and always empty. Max demands that Teddy and Ruth leave his house, yet by the end of the play, he is sobbing and yearning for attention from Ruth. The insults and derogatory terms used within the family are not so much an element of power as a way of life. As there is no real mother figure within the household, the men have lapsed into a way of life in which they can show no affection to each other. Instead they insult each other in ways usually reserved for women: "bitch" and "slag".